This timeline highlights pivotal moments that shaped the history, politics, and cultural identity of Islam globally 7th Century (600s CE) 570 CE: Birth of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Mecca. 610 CE: First revelation of the Quran to Muhammad (PBUH) in the Cave of Hira. 622 CE: Hijra (Migration) to Medina; marks the start of the Islamic calendar. 632 CE: Death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH); Abu Bakr becomes the first Caliph. 8th-10th Century 750 CE: Abbasid Caliphate established; Baghdad becomes a center of knowledge. 8th Century: Islamic Golden Age begins; advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy. 11th-12th Century 1095-1291 CE: Crusades; impact on Islamic-Christian relations and cultural exchanges. 1187 CE: Salahuddin Ayyubi (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem during the Crusades. 13th Century 1258 CE: Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols; marks the end of the Abbasid Caliphate. 1299 CE: Founding of the Ottoman Empire, a significant political and cultural force in the Islamic world. 15th-16th Century 1453 CE: Fall of Constantinople; Ottomans make it their capital (renamed Istanbul). 1492 CE: Fall of Granada; end of Muslim rule in Spain. 1526 CE: Establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. 18th-19th Century 18th Century: Wahhabism emerges in Arabia, influencing Islamic reform movements. 1857 CE: British take control of India, affecting Muslim political power in South Asia. 20th Century 1924 CE: Abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey. 1947 CE: Partition of India; formation of Pakistan as a Muslim-majority state. 1969 CE: Formation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). 21st Century 2001 CE: 9/11 attacks; global attention on Islam and its interpretations. 2010 CE: Arab Spring; political upheavals across the Islamic world. 2019 CE: Abraham Accords reshape Muslim and non- Muslim relations in the Middle East.